{"id":606065,"date":"2024-08-16T18:36:10","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T16:36:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/?p=606065"},"modified":"2024-08-16T18:36:13","modified_gmt":"2024-08-16T16:36:13","slug":"kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Kako geni utje\u010du na va\u0161u tjelesnu te\u017einu i sklonost pretilosti?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_72 ez-toc-wrap-left counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti\/#Prekomjerna_tjelesna_tezina_i_pretilost\" title=\"Prekomjerna tjelesna te\u017eina i pretilost\">Prekomjerna tjelesna te\u017eina i pretilost<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti\/#BMI_nije_uvijek_pouzdan_parametar\" title=\"BMI nije uvijek pouzdan parametar\">BMI nije uvijek pouzdan parametar<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti\/#Pretilost_kao_cimbenik_rizika_za_razne_bolesti\" title=\"Pretilost kao \u010dimbenik rizika za razne bolesti\">Pretilost kao \u010dimbenik rizika za razne bolesti<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti\/#Jesu_li_geni_odgovorni_za_sklonost_pretilosti\" title=\"Jesu li geni odgovorni za sklonost pretilosti?\">Jesu li geni odgovorni za sklonost pretilosti?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-geni-utjecu-na-vasu-tjelesnu-tezinu-i-sklonost-pretilosti\/#Zakljucak\" title=\"Zaklju\u010dak\">Zaklju\u010dak<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Ako postoji jedna bolest koja se mo\u017ee u\u010dinkovito sprije\u010diti, ali je sve ra\u0161irenija, onda je to pretilost. \u017divimo u eri u kojoj je u razvijenim zemljama hrana postala toliko lako dostupna da smrtnost od vi\u0161ka kalorija po\u010dinje prema\u0161ivati \u200b\u200bsmrtnost od njihovog nedostatka. Iako se ova sumorna statistika prvenstveno odnosi na SAD, <strong>pretilost je globalni problem<\/strong>. Prema WHO-u, <strong>2022. godine je svaka osma osoba na svijetu bila pretila<\/strong>. Taj se broj udvostru\u010dio od 1990. godine, a me\u0111u adolescentima se u\u010detverostru\u010dio. Broj ljudi s prekomjernom tjelesnom te\u017einom, koja je prete\u010da pretilosti, prema\u0161uje 2,5 milijarde. Pogledamo li Europu, prema OECD-u, 2022. godine 59% ljudi u Slova\u010dkoj i 60% u \u010ce\u0161koj imalo je prekomjernu te\u017einu ili bilo pretilo.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[1]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1124\" height=\"749\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.sk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image6-1124x749.jpg\" alt=\"Mjerenje potko\u017enih masnih naslaga\" class=\"wp-image-601161\" title=\"Mjerenje potko\u017enih masnih naslaga\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image6-1124x749.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image6-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image6.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prekomjerna_tjelesna_tezina_i_pretilost\"><\/span>Prekomjerna tjelesna te\u017eina i pretilost<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Prekomjerna tjelesna te\u017eina i pretilost nastaju zbog <strong>neravnote\u017ee izme\u0111u unosa i potro\u0161nje kalorija.<\/strong> Visokokalori\u010dna i <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/7-savjeta-kako-smanjiti-visokopreradenu-hranu-u-vasoj-prehrani-i-jesti-zdravije\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">ultraprera\u0111ena hrana<\/a> postala je najdostupniji oblik prehrane, dok je potreba za tjelesnom aktivno\u0161\u0107u prakti\u010dki pala na nulu, osim u zanimanjima koja zahtijevaju intenzivan fizi\u010dki rad. Ova neravnote\u017ea dovodi do <strong>prekomjernog skladi\u0161tenja masti,<\/strong> \u0161to je glavni uzrok prekomjerne tjelesne te\u017eine. Kada taj vi\u0161ak uskladi\u0161tenih masti prije\u0111e odre\u0111eni prag (npr. BMI preko 30 kg\/m\u00b2) i uzrokuje kroni\u010dne zdravstvene probleme, tada se to naziva pretilost.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[2]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Skladi\u0161tenje potko\u017enih masnih naslaga mo\u017eda i nije veliki zdravstveni problem, ali vi\u0161e zabrinjava <strong>visceralno salo<\/strong> koje se nakuplja u trbu\u0161noj \u0161upljini oko unutarnjih organa. Ova vrsta masti tako\u0111er je poznata kao toksi\u010dna mast i <strong>izvor je citokina<\/strong> koji posreduju u <strong>upalnim reakcijama<\/strong>. Ovaj kroni\u010dni, dugotrajni upalni proces u tijelu dovodi do raznih kroni\u010dnih bolesti povezanih s pretilo\u0161\u0107u.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[3]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1124\" height=\"809\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/36-1124x809.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-607344\" title=\"Slojevi sala\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/36-1124x809.png 1124w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/36-400x288.png 400w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/36-1536x1106.png 1536w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/36-2048x1475.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"BMI_nije_uvijek_pouzdan_parametar\"><\/span>BMI nije uvijek pouzdan parametar<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Naj\u010de\u0161\u0107e kori\u0161teni parametar za odre\u0111ivanje pretilosti je<strong> indeks tjelesne mase (BMI)<\/strong>. <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/sto-je-bmi-kalkulator-i-je-li-uopce-pouzdan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">BMI<\/a> jednostavno pokazuje ima li osoba odgovaraju\u0107u tjelesnu te\u017einu za svoju visinu. Mo\u017ee se jednostavno izra\u010dunati pomo\u0107u online <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/bmi-kalkulator\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\"> BMI kalkulatora<\/a>. Osoba s BMI-jem iznad 25 kg\/m\u00b2 smatra se da ima prekomjernu tjelesnu te\u017einu, a ona s BMI-jem iznad 30 kg\/m\u00b2 klasificirana je kao pretila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Izra\u010dun BMI je jednostavan na\u010din da se utvrdi je li potrebno promijeniti prehrambene navike i pove\u0107ati tjelesnu aktivnost. Me\u0111utim, jednostavnost BMI-a tako\u0111er je i njegov nedostatak. <strong>Ne uzima u obzir sastav tijela<\/strong>, tako da osoba s ve\u0107im udjelom mi\u0161i\u0107ne mase mo\u017ee pasti u raspon BMI-a s prekomjernom te\u017einom. Elitni bodybuilderi mogu imati BMI preko 30 kg\/m\u00b2 i samo 6% tjelesne masti.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[4]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1124\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.sk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image1-1124x750.jpg\" alt=\"Mjerenje sastava tijela\" class=\"wp-image-601193\" title=\"Mjerenje sastava tijela\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image1-1124x750.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image1-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image1.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Bolji pokazatelj mogao bi biti <strong>omjer struka i bokova<\/strong> (WHR; waist-to-hip ratio), koji izravno isti\u010de vi\u0161ak sala oko trbuha.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Kako izmjeriti WHR?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stanite ravno i izdahnite. Mjernom trakom provjerite udaljenost oko naju\u017eeg dijela struka, to\u010dno iznad va\u0161eg pupka. To je opseg va\u0161eg struka. Ako ne mo\u017eete prona\u0107i naju\u017ei dio struka, izmjerite pola puta izme\u0111u donjeg ruba prsnog ko\u0161a i gornjeg dijela bedrene kosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zatim izmjerite udaljenost oko naj\u0161ireg dijela va\u0161ih bokova \u2013 naj\u0161ireg dijela va\u0161e stra\u017enjice. To je opseg va\u0161ih bokova.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Izra\u010dunajte svoj WHR dijeljenjem opsega struka s opsegom kukova.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Donja tablica pokazuje zdravstvene rizike povezane s WHR-om:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Zdravstveni rizik<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u017dene<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Mu\u0161karci<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Nizak<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.80 ili manje<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.95 ili manje<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Umjeren<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.81-0.85<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">0.95-1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Visok<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Iznad 0.85<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Iznad 1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Za mu\u0161karce je WHR izme\u0111u 0,95 i 1 normalan, a vrijednosti iznad 1 ukazuju na visok rizik od pretilosti. Za \u017eene je kriti\u010dna brojka 0,85. Ovaj je parametar prikladan za razmatranje nakupljanja masti u podru\u010dju trbuha, odra\u017eavaju\u0107i koli\u010dinu visceralne masti. Me\u0111utim, ljudi se debljaju razli\u010ditom brzinom na razli\u010ditim mjestima. To zna\u010di da \u010dak i netko \u010diji je WHR broj unutar normalnog raspona mo\u017ee imati prekomjernu tjelesnu te\u017einu. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[5]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ove mjere mo\u017eete nadopuniti <strong>omjerom struka i visine<\/strong>. To bi trebalo biti u rasponu izme\u0111u 0,40 i 0,49. Drugim rije\u010dima, opseg struka ne smije prelaziti polovicu visine osobe.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[6]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Sve te metode zajedno <\/strong>mogu vam to\u010dno re\u0107i o<strong> gra\u0111i i te\u017eini va\u0161eg tijela.<\/strong> Najpreciznija mjerenja ostvaruju se ure\u0111ajima poput InBodyja, koji putem analize bioimpedancije mogu dati detaljne informacije o sastavu tijela, postotku tjelesne masti, mi\u0161i\u0107noj masi i drugim va\u017enim parametrima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n    <link href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/wp-gymbeam-blog-theme\/css\/vue\/index.css\" rel=\"preload\" as=\"style\">\n    <link href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/wp-gymbeam-blog-theme\/js\/vue\/chunk-vendors.js\" rel=\"preload\" as=\"script\">\n    <link href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/wp-gymbeam-blog-theme\/js\/vue\/index.js\" rel=\"preload\" as=\"script\">\n    <link data-no-optimize=\"1\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/wp-gymbeam-blog-theme\/css\/vue\/index.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n\n    <h2>\n        You might be interested in these products:    <\/h2>\n\n    <div data-app=\"recommended\" data-products=\"65311,86068,86074,86080,44248,8350,62842,3738,28792\" ><\/div>\n\n    <script data-no-optimize=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/wp-gymbeam-blog-theme\/js\/vue\/chunk-vendors.js\"><\/script>\n    <script data-no-optimize=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/themes\/wp-gymbeam-blog-theme\/js\/vue\/index.js\"><\/script>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pretilost_kao_cimbenik_rizika_za_razne_bolesti\"><\/span>Pretilost kao \u010dimbenik rizika za razne bolesti<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdravstveni rizik povezan s visokim BMI i zna\u010dajnim udjelom masnog tkiva obuhva\u0107a razli\u010dite kroni\u010dne bolesti. Vi\u0161ak masnog tkiva kod prekomjerne tjelesne te\u017eine i pretilih osoba proizvodi veliki broj <strong>upalnih citokina.<\/strong> Ove tvari su ina\u010de neophodne jer imunolo\u0161ki sustav mora biti spreman sa svim mehanizmima u slu\u010daju infekcije ili eliminacije o\u0161te\u0107enih, starih i kancerogenih stanica. Me\u0111utim, kada ima previ\u0161e upalnih citokina, tjelesna se ravnote\u017ea pomi\u010de prema kontinuiranoj, kroni\u010dnoj upali.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[7]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Kroni\u010dna upala niske razine usko je povezana s<strong> inzulinskom rezistencijom.<\/strong> Inzulinska rezistencija je stanje koje je neko\u0107 omogu\u0107ilo na\u0161oj vrsti da pre\u017eivi razdoblja nesta\u0161ice hrane preusmjeravanjem glukoze u vitalne organe. Danas je takva potreba zastarjela, a inzulinska rezistencija je ulazna vrata za <strong>dijabetes tipa 2<\/strong>, gdje tjelesne stanice ne reagiraju adekvatno na inzulin, \u0161to dovodi do opasno visokih razina glukoze u krvi.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[8]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Drugi problem kod vi\u0161ka masnog tkiva je visoka koncentracija <strong>slobodnih masnih kiselina i LDL kolesterola<\/strong> u krvi (dislipidemija), \u0161to izravno izaziva aterosklerozu. To se doga\u0111a kada se \u010destice LDL-a po\u010dnu talo\u017eiti u stijenkama krvnih \u017eila, uzrokuju\u0107i upalu koja rezultira aterosklerotskim plakovima koji s vremenom rastu. Ako ovo stanje potraje, mo\u017ee dovesti do za\u010depljene arterije i sr\u010danog udara.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[9]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Prekomjerna tjelesna te\u017eina i pretilost tako\u0111er su povezani s<strong> metaboli\u010dkim sindromom<\/strong>&nbsp;koji je karakteriziran visokim krvnim tlakom, visokom razinom glukoze u krvi, dislipidemijom, niskom razinom HDL kolesterola i velikim opsegom struka (preko 102 cm kod mu\u0161karaca, preko 88 cm kod \u017eena). Ako osoba ima <strong>barem tri od ovih pet faktora<\/strong>, dijagnosticira joj se metaboli\u010dki sindrom.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[10]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Upalni proces u tijelu i oksidativni stres ne dovode samo do kardiovaskularnih bolesti, ve\u0107 i do<strong> odre\u0111enih vrsta raka.<\/strong> Neispravno reguliran imunolo\u0161ki sustav, koji bi trebao prepoznati i eliminirati o\u0161te\u0107ene i potencijalno kancerogene stanice, ne mo\u017ee ispravno funkcionirati. <strong>Oksidativni stres<\/strong> uzrokovan prekomjernom te\u017einom i pretilo\u0161\u0107u mo\u017ee o\u0161tetiti DNK u stanicama. Ako imunolo\u0161ki sustav ne razgradi takve mutirane stanice, pove\u0107ava se rizik od raka.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[11]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Stoga <strong>motivacija za<\/strong> <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-smrsaviti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\"><strong>mr\u0161avljenje<\/strong><\/a>, ako se radi o prekomjernoj tjelesnoj te\u017eini ili debljini, ne bi trebala biti samo estetska nego i <strong>vezana uz zdravlje<\/strong>. Pretilost je bolest koja ubija milijune ljudi godi\u0161nje. Iako je \u017eelja za tijelom spremnim za pokazivanje na pla\u017ei dobra polazna to\u010dka, smanjenje zdravstvenih rizika trebalo bi biti primarna motivacija za sve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1124\" height=\"749\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image3-1-1124x749.jpg\" alt=\"Fizi\u010dka aktivnost\" class=\"wp-image-601212\" title=\"Fizi\u010dka aktivnost\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image3-1-1124x749.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image3-1-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image3-1.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jesu_li_geni_odgovorni_za_sklonost_pretilosti\"><\/span>Jesu li geni odgovorni za sklonost pretilosti?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ljudi imaju vi\u0161e od 19 000 gena<\/strong> koji omogu\u0107uju stanicama u tijelu da znaju kada i \u0161to u\u010diniti. Ve\u0107inu procesa kontrolira veliki broj gena, \u010diji su u\u010dinci kumulativni. <strong>Svaka osoba<\/strong> je, na svoj na\u010din, <strong>mutant<\/strong> s mutacijama na razli\u010ditim mjestima u razli\u010ditim genima. Neke mutacije imaju vidljive u\u010dinke, kao \u0161to su boja kose, boja o\u010diju ili ton ko\u017ee. Drugi su manje o\u010diti i utje\u010du na unutarnje tjelesne procese. Ponekad jedna mutacija u jednom genu mo\u017ee uzrokovati bolest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u010cesto jedna mutacija samo lagano utje\u010de na predispozicije bolesti, ovisno o na\u010dinu \u017eivota i drugim genima. To zna\u010di da mo\u017eete preuzeti zna\u010dajan dio odgovornosti za svoje zdravlje u svoje ruke, iako geni mogu komplicirati stvari. To vrijedi i za tjelesnu te\u017einu i pretilost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Na pitanje jesu li geni odgovorni za prekomjernu tjelesnu te\u017einu i pretilost, imamo relativno dobar odgovor. <strong>Iz genetske perspektive razlikujemo dvije vrste pretilosti<\/strong>, gdje geni imaju zna\u010dajan ili manji utjecaj.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[12]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1124\" height=\"749\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.sk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image7-1124x749.jpg\" alt=\"Genetski laboratorij\" class=\"wp-image-601241\" title=\"Genetski laboratorij\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image7-1124x749.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image7-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image7.jpg 1254w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monogenska pretilost<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tip pretilosti koji je 100 % uzrokovan genima naziva se <strong>monogenska<\/strong> pretilost. Naziv govori da je to bolest uzrokovana mutacijom jednog gena. Monogenska pretilost poga\u0111a samo oko <strong>5 % svih pretilih<\/strong> ljudi u svijetu. Budu\u0107i da je genetski uvjetovana, po\u010dinje u djetinjstvu i vrlo ju je te\u0161ko sprije\u010diti. Utjecaj na\u010dina \u017eivota na razvoj monogene pretilosti je minimalan. Na prvi pogled moglo bi se \u010diniti da geni koji uzrokuju monogensku pretilost nekako dovode do prekomjernog skladi\u0161tenja masti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Istina je da se \u010dak i kod monogenske pretilosti, na koju uvelike utje\u010du geni, jo\u0161 uvijek radi o <strong>ravnote\u017ei kalorija.<\/strong> Jedan od najbolje prou\u010denih gena koji uzrokuje ovo stanje je gen za<strong> leptinski receptor<\/strong> (LEPR). Ovaj receptor je klju\u010dan u regulaciji unosa hrane. Neophodan je za signaliziranje leptina, koji mozgu daje stalnu povratnu informaciju o stanju energetskih (masnih) rezervi. <strong>Leptin<\/strong> je hormon koji proizvodi masno tkivo. Sustav je jednostavan: <strong>\u0161to vi\u0161e masnog tkiva osoba ima, to vi\u0161e leptina dospijeva u mozak.<\/strong> Na temelju toga mozak zna koliko masti ima u tijelu i mo\u017ee regulirati unos hrane kako bi odr\u017eao rezerve za te\u0161ka vremena. Kada se koli\u010dina masnog tkiva smanji, razina leptina pada, signaliziraju\u0107i mozgu da \u0161tedi energiju ili da je obnovi. Kada se masno tkivo pove\u0107a, razina leptina raste, signaliziraju\u0107i mozgu da je potrebno manje hrane, a energija se mo\u017ee potro\u0161iti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>U normalnim uvjetima ovaj sustav radi dobro. Kod monogenske pretilosti uzrokovane mutacijom gena za leptinski receptor taj je sustav toliko poreme\u0107en da mozak stalno misli da nema dovoljno masti i da treba obnoviti rezerve. To rezultira <strong>pretjeranom konzumacijom hrane (hiperfagijom)<\/strong>, koju osoba s mutacijom ne mo\u017ee kontrolirati jer njen mozak ne reagira na leptin i nalazi se u stanju &#8220;gladovanja&#8221;. <mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[13]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Vrlo rijetka mutacija, koja se nalazi u manje od 100 ljudi diljem svijeta, je mutacija <strong>u samom genu za leptin<\/strong>. Ova mutacija \u010desto uzrokuje <strong>nedostatak leptina.<\/strong> Ako se leptin ne proizvodi u tijelu ili se proizvodi nefunkcionalna, mutirana verzija, mozak ne prima signal o rezervama masti, \u0161to poti\u010de kontinuirano jedenje. Kao i kod mutacija receptora leptina, osoba s ovim stanjem ne mo\u017ee kontrolirati unos hrane.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[14]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1124\" height=\"752\" src=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.sk\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image4-1124x752.jpg\" alt=\"Tjelesna te\u017eina\" class=\"wp-image-601247\" title=\"Tjelesna te\u017eina\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image4-1124x752.jpg 1124w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image4-400x268.jpg 400w, https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image4.jpg 1252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1124px) 100vw, 1124px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Poligenska pretilost<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pretilost, u kojoj geni igraju vi\u0161e ili manje zna\u010dajnu ulogu, naziva se <strong>poligenska<\/strong> pretilost. Uzrokovana je mutacijama u velikom broju gena, od kojih svaki ima minimalan individualni u\u010dinak. Ovaj tip pretilosti poga\u0111a <strong>preostalih 95 % pretilih osoba<\/strong> i prvenstveno je pod utjecajem na\u010dina \u017eivota. Brojni su geni povezani s poligenskom pretilo\u0161\u0107u, a o mnogima od njih znamo vrlo malo. Iako funkcije mnogih ostaju nepoznate, mogu se identificirati u studijama koje uspore\u0111uju gene pretilih i nepretilih osoba. Geni koje bolje razumijemo \u010desto uklju\u010duju iste one koji se nalaze u monogenskoj pretilosti, ali s <strong>razli\u010ditim mutacijama<\/strong>. Razli\u010dite mutacije mogu imati razli\u010dite u\u010dinke. Dok jedna mo\u017ee toliko poremetiti signaliziranje leptina da unos hrane postane nekontroliran, druga mo\u017ee samo malo pove\u0107ati apetit. Tako se me\u0111u genima sa slabijim u\u010dinkom spominje i LEPR gen.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[14]<\/span><\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Dobro poznati gen povezan s poligenskom pretilo\u0161\u0107u je<strong> FTO gen<\/strong> (povezan s masom sala i pretilo\u0161\u0107u; fat mass and obesity-associated). Varijante ovog gena identificirane su kod pretilih osoba i osoba s prekomjernom te\u017einom. Njegova funkcija nije u potpunosti razja\u0161njena, ali nekoliko njegovih mutacija povezano je s <strong>pove\u0107anom proizvodnjom leptina, promijenjenom lokalizacijom leptinskih receptora i pove\u0107anim unosom hrane.<\/strong> Pretpostavlja se da mutacije u regulatornim regijama utje\u010du na druge gene blizu FTO gena.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[15]<\/span>&nbsp;<\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Jo\u0161 jedan zanimljiv gen je <strong>FGF21,<\/strong> koji kodira hormon koji kontrolira <strong>\u017eelju za \u0161e\u0107erom.<\/strong> Ljudi sa specifi\u010dnom mutacijom u ovom genu proizvode manje FGF21, koji suzbija \u017eelju za \u0161e\u0107erom. Pove\u0107ana \u017eudnja za \u0161e\u0107erom i njegova priroda koja izaziva ovisnost pove\u0107avaju rizik od prejedanja i debljanja.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup>[16, 17]<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Iako je<strong> \u017eivotni stil klju\u010da<\/strong>n kod poligenske pretilosti, a geni imaju manji u\u010dinak, nije sasvim logi\u010dno o\u010dekivati \u200b\u200bda \u0107e promjene \u017eivotnog stila biti jednostavne za pretile osobe. Netko tko ima prekomjernu tjelesnu te\u017einu ili je pretio ima poreme\u0107en signalni sustav leptina ne zbog gena, ve\u0107<strong> zbog na\u010dina \u017eivota<\/strong>. Vi\u0161ak tjelesne masti stvara dugotrajni vi\u0161ak leptina na koji se mozak navikava. Kao \u0161to se mo\u017ee razviti inzulinska rezistencija, mo\u017ee se pojaviti i leptinska rezistencija, pri \u010demu mozak vi\u0161e ne reagira na signale iz masnog tkiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Sli\u010dno monogenskoj pretilosti, gdje pojedinac ne mo\u017ee kontrolirati svoj unos zbog nedostatka leptina, kod poligenske pretilosti mozak je naviknut na visoke razine leptina. Pri poku\u0161aju mr\u0161avljenja razina leptina se smanjuje, a mozak dobiva isti signal kao kod genetskog poreme\u0107aja: &#8220;gladovanje, potrebno je napuniti rezerve&#8221;. To se doga\u0111a iako ima i vi\u0161e nego dovoljno rezervi. Ovo je jedan od glavnih razloga za\u0161to je<strong> mr\u0161avljenje izazovno<\/strong> za osobe s prekomjernom te\u017einom i pretilo\u0161\u0107u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Pojedine varijante spomenutih gena i predispozicije za ve\u0107i unos hrane i ve\u0107u te\u017einu mogu se otkriti i <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/advanced-dna-test-kit-tellmegen.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">dostupnim genetskim testovima.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zakljucak\"><\/span>Zaklju\u010dak<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Za veliku ve\u0107inu slu\u010dajeva pretilosti <strong>stil \u017eivota<\/strong> je primarni faktor, <strong>prije nego genetika<\/strong>. Slu\u010dajeve u kojima je jasno da je genetika uzrok pretilosti vrlo je te\u0161ko rije\u0161iti promjenama na\u010dina \u017eivota. U\u010dinak mutacija toliko je jak da je prakti\u010dki nemogu\u0107e u\u010diniti promjene sli\u010dne onima koje mo\u017ee posti\u0107i preostalih 95 % pretilih osoba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Iako mo\u017eemo &#8220;uprijeti prstom&#8221; u na\u010din \u017eivota, za pretile je osobe jo\u0161 uvijek veliki izazov napustiti na\u010din \u017eivota koji ih je doveo do ovog stanja. Mozak, naviknut ne samo na kroni\u010dno visoke razine leptina nego i na stimulaciju <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/dopamin-donosi-radost-i-motivaciju-ali-njegov-visak-moze-biti-stetan-trebate-li-detoksikaciju-od-dopamina\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">dopaminom<\/a> iz hrane, te\u0161ko je reprogramirati. Prekomjerna tjelesna te\u017eina i pretilost izazivaju poreme\u0107aje mentalnog zdravlja zbog kojih je bilo kakva promjena na\u010dina \u017eivota gotovo nemogu\u0107a. Bez obzira na to jesu li geni uzrok pretilosti ili ne, to je stanje koje zahtijeva intervenciju stru\u010dnjaka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>A \u0161to je s nekim pozitivnim zaklju\u010dcima? Ve\u0107ina slu\u010dajeva pretilosti mo\u017ee se lako sprije\u010diti. Ako osoba ne upadne u beskrajni krug prejedanja i nedostatka tjelesne aktivnosti, mo\u017ee u\u010dinkovito sprije\u010diti pretilost i s time povezane zdravstvene probleme. To vrijedi bez obzira na to imaju li predispoziciju za ve\u0107i apetit. Postoji velika vjerojatnost da 95 od 100 ljudi svoje zdravlje dr\u017ei u vlastitim rukama. Ne postoji ne\u0161to poput &#8220;zdrave pretilosti&#8221;. Ovaj izraz proiza\u0161ao je iz slu\u010dajeva kada osobe s prekomjernom te\u017einom jo\u0161 nisu pokazivale simptome metaboli\u010dkog sindroma. Me\u0111utim, ovo je samo prijelazno stanje, a rizik od kroni\u010dnih bolesti raste s BMI iznad 30. <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">[17]<\/span> Koja je najbolja metoda prevencije? <strong>Dovoljno tjelesne aktivnosti<\/strong>, koja bi trebala uklju\u010divati \u200b\u200bnajmanje 150 minuta aerobne aktivnosti i najmanje dva treninga snage tjedno.<mark class=\"has-inline-color has-orange-color\"><sup>[18, 19]<\/sup><\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Svaka tjelesna aktivnost sama po sebi nije dovoljna ako kalorijski unos prema\u0161uje potro\u0161ene kalorije, stoga je klju\u010dna i <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/sto-je-zdrava-prehrana-i-kako-nauciti-jesti-zdravo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\"><strong>uravnote\u017eena prehrana<\/strong><\/a>&nbsp;<strong>s dovoljno <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/proteini-njihove-funkcije-u-tijelu-preporuceni-unos-izvori-iz-hrane-i-simptomi-nedostatka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"bielkov\u00edn (opens in a new tab)\">proteina<\/a> i <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/vlakna-u-hrani-koliko-ih-pojesti-i-kakve-benefite-pruzaju\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">vlakana<\/a><\/strong>. U idealnom slu\u010daju, treba izbjegavati visoko prera\u0111enu hranu kojom se lako prejesti. Dovoljno <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/kako-brzo-zaspati-isprobajte-ove-jednostavne-savjete-za-bolji-san\/\"><strong>sna<\/strong><\/a> dobar je na\u010din da izbjegnete prejedanje slatki\u0161ima i drugom ukusnom, ali nezdravom hranom. U ekstremnim slu\u010dajevima, <a class=\"ek-link\" href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/blog\/ozempic-wegovy-i-drugi-lijekovi-za-mrsavljenje-kako-djeluju-i-za-koga-su-prikladni\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\" (opens in a new tab)\">lijekovi za mr\u0161avljenje poput Ozempica<\/a> mogu biti opcija. Oni su stekli popularnost posljednjih godina, ali imaju nedostatak u obliku brzog gubitka mi\u0161i\u0107a. Iako mogu spasiti \u017eivote, njihova zlouporaba dugoro\u010dno mo\u017ee uzrokovati vi\u0161e \u0161tete nego koristi. Stoga takvo lije\u010denje treba voditi i nadzirati zdravstveni djelatnik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.com\/diagnostic-tests\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"category-button\">\n\t<span class=\"label\">\n\t\tDNA Tests\t<\/span>\n\t<svg class=\"icon-cart\" focusable=\"false\">\n\t\t<use xlink:href=\"#icon-cart\"><\/use>\n\t<\/svg>\n<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gymbeam.hr\/zdrava-hrana\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"category-button\">\n\t<span class=\"label\">\n\t\tHealthy food\t<\/span>\n\t<svg class=\"icon-cart\" focusable=\"false\">\n\t\t<use xlink:href=\"#icon-cart\"><\/use>\n\t<\/svg>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jesu li za pretilost krivi geni ili je vi\u0161ak kilograma posljedica na\u010dina \u017eivota? 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